Saturday, November 17, 2007

UU Hak Cipta Software


Menurut World Intelectual Property Organization (WIPO), “For the purpose of the law: computer program means a set of instruction capable, when incorporated in a machine-readable medium, of causing machine having information-processing capabilities to indicate, perform or archieve a particular function, task or result”.

Menurut pasal 1 angka 8 Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta, program komputer adalah sekumpulan instruksi yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk bahasa, kode, skema ataupun bentuk lain yang apabila digabungkan dengan media yang dapat dibaca dengan komputer akan mampu membuat komputer bekerja untuk melakukan fungsi-fungsi khusus atau untuk mencapai hasil yang khusus, termasuk persiapan dalam merancang instruksi-instruksi tersebut.

Program komputer sebagai hasil pemikiran intelektual dari pembuat program adalah diakui sebagai suatu Karya Cipta, yaitu karya dari perwujudan cipta, rasa dan karsanya. Hal inilah yan dilindungi oleh hukum. Obyek perlindungan sebuah rogram komputer adalah serangkaian kode yang mengisi instruksi. Instruksi-instruksi dan bahasa yang tertulis ini dirancang untuk mengatur microprocessor agar dapat melakukan tugas-tugas sederhana yang dikehendaki secara tahap demi tahap serta untuk menghasilkan hasil yang diinginkan. Dan di dalam instruksi inilah terlihat ekspresi dari si pembuat program atau pencipta.

Perlindungan yang layak yang diberikan oleh hukum terhadap program komputer ini adalah perlindungan terhadap hak kekayaan intelektual. Pemberian perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual ini dimaksudkan untuk melindungi inovasi di dalam program komputer tersebut.

Berdasarkan pasal 1 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002, Hak Cipta adalah hak ekslusif bagi pencipta atau penerima hak untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya atau memberikan izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangi pembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturan perundang-undanga yang berlaku. Yang dimaksud dengan hak eksklusif di sini adalah bahwa tidak seorangpun yang diperbolehkan untuk mengumumkan, memperbanyak atau menyewakan ciptaannya tanpa izin dari penciptanya. Sedangkan pencipta yang dimaksud dalam pasal ini adalah :

(1) seseorang atau beberapa orang secara bersama-sama yang atas inspirasinya melahirkan suatu ciptaan berdasarkan kemampuan pikiran, imajinasi, kecepatan, keterampilan atau keahlian yang dituangkan ke dalam bentuk yang khas dan bersifat pribadi,

(2) orang yang merancang suatu ciptaan, tetapi diwujudkan oleh orang lain dibawah pimpinan atau pengawasan orang yang merancang ciptaan tersebut,

(3) orang yang membuat suatu karya cipta dalam hubungan kerja atau berdasarkan pesanan; Badan Hukum sebagaimana dalam pasal 6-9 Undang-undang Hak Cipta.

Perlindungan terhadap karya cipta ini diberikan terhadap hasil karya di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, seni dan sastra. Hal tersebut mencakup karya-karya: buku, program komputer, pamflet, perwajahan, karya tulis, ceramah, kuliah, pidato dan ciptaan lain yang sejenis dengan itu, alat peraga yang dibuat untuk kepentingan pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan, lagu atau musik dengan atau tanpa teks, drama atau drama musikal, tari, koreografi, pewayangan, pantomin, seni rupa dalam segala bentuk seperti seni lukis, gambar, seni ukir, seni kaligrafi, seni pahat, seni patung, kolase, dan seni terapan, arsitektur, peta, seni batik, fotografi, sinematografi terjemahan tafsir, saduran, bunga rampai, database dan karya lain dari hasil pengalihwujudan.

Hak cipta memberikan jangka waktu perlindungan terhadap hasil karya atau ciptaan pencipta tersebut selama hidup pencipta dan akan terus berlangsung hingga 50 (lima puluh) tahun setelah pencipta meninggal dunia. Dalam hal ciptaan dimiliki oleh 2 orang atau lebih, maka hak cipta berlaku selama hidup pencipta yang terlama hidupnya dan berlangsung hingga 50 (lima puluh) tahun sesudah pencipta yang terlama hidupnya tersebut meninggal dunia. Kecuali untuk program komputer, sinematografi, fotografi, database dan hasil pengalihwujudan berlaku 50 tahun sejak pertama kali diumumkan.

Indonesia saat ini telah meratifikasi konvensi internasional di bidang Hak Cipta, yaitu : Berne Convention tanggal 7 Mei 1997 dengan Keppres No. 18/1997 dan dinotifikasikan ke WIPO pada tanggal 5 September 1997. Berne Convention tersebut mulai berlaku efektif di Indonesia tanggal 5 September 1997. Dengan berlakunyaa Berne Convention berarti sebagai konsekuensinya Indonesia harus melindungi ciptaan dari seluruh anggota Berne Convention.

Perlindungan terhadap program komputer yang berada di bawah hukum hak cipta sejalan dengan diratifikasinya TRIPs-WTO dan implementasinya dalam UU No. 19 tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta, misalnya terkait dengan program komputer seperti Linux yang saat ini tidak lagi hanya merupakan sebuah operating system tetapi sudah merupakan sumber kekuatan penuh bagi para pengguna komputer. Dengan menggunakan life CD cooperative linux (CoLinux) pengguna dapat menggunakan sebuah distro Linux di atas operating sistem lain seperti Windows bagaikan sebuah proses yang diproteksi oleh Windows itu sendiri. Edisi CoLinux versi 0.6.0 yang dipublikasikan oleh penciptanya pada bulan Maret 2004, distro-distro yang dapat bekerja dengan CoLinux adalah Fedora, Gentoo dan Debian dapat di-download secara bebas dan cuma-cuma di www.colinux.org.

Kehadiran piranti-piranti lunak open source disambut dengan begitu antusias oleh masyarakat teknologi informasi dunia, karena selain membuka peluang untuk turut melakukan pengembangan software secara bebas, dapat mengurangi monopoli pencipta software tertentu, juga telah menjawab kebutuhan tersedianya software tanpa perlu mengeluarkan biaya yang relatif mahal.

Saat ini disamping terdapat software-software open source yang dapat dimiliki secara gratis, kini berkembang pula software bebas yang dikenal dengan freeware yang disediakan oleh beberapa kategori software secara gratis yang kualitasnya setara dengan software sejenis. Dan saat ini tersedia pula berbagai freeware yang dapat diperoleh secara gratis

According to section 1 number 8 Number [Code/Law] 19 Year 2002 about Copyrights, computer program means a group of instruction realized in the form of Ianguage, code, scheme and or other form which is if coupled with media which can be read with the computer will be able to make the computer work to do the special function or to reach the special result, inclusive of preparation in designing the instruction

Computer program as intellectual opinion result from programmer is confessed as a Creating Masterpiece, that is masterpiece from materialization create, feel. And this is under the aegis of law. Object Protection a program computer is code filling instruction. Instruction and Ianguage written is designed to arrange the microprocessor so that can do the simple duties desired step by step and also to yield the wanted result. And in instruction this is seen expression from the programmer or creator.

Competent protection given by law to this computer program is protection to intellectual wealth rights. This intellectual wealth rights protection gift intended to protect the innovation in the computer program

Pursuant to section 1 sentence ( 1) Number [Code/Law] 19 Year 2002, Copyrights means exclusive rights for creator or r receiver rights to announce or multiply its creation or give the permit for that with do not lessen the limitations of according regulation. The exclusive rights nobody enabled to announce, to multiply or rent the creation without permission from creator.

And creator means:

1) somebody or some people togetherbased their inspiration make a creation pursuant to mind ability, imagine, the speed, skill or qualified infused into a typical form and have the character of the person

( 2) one who design a creation, but realized by others below/under head or observation one who design the creation

( 3) one who make a masterpiece create in work relation or based Legal Body’s order as in section 6-9 Copyrights [Code/Law]

In Copyrights congeniality there are two important element as rights owned the creator, that is

# Economic rights. Economic rights is rights owned by a creator to get the advantage for their creation. Law of Indonesia Copyrights give economic rights to creator, for example; rights to multiply , rights for the adaptation , rights for the distribution , rights for the show , rights to be displayed

# Moral rights. Moral rights is everlasting special rights and also owned by the creator for their creation result, and that rights is not dissociated from the creator. This Moral rights is creator rights or the heir, to claim to Copyrights Handle so that Creator name remain to be mentioned in the Creation; Giving permission in the Creation rights change; Giving permission to change or creator pseudonym; Claiming somebody which is without permission negate the Creator name contained the creation.

Protection to masterpiece create this given to masterpiece result in science area, artistic and art. Mentioned include;cover the masterpiece: book, computer program, pamphlet, face, masterpiece write the, discourse, college, speech and other creation which of a kind with that, physic appliance made for the sake of education and science, song or music with or without text, musical drama or drama, dance the, choreography, puppets, pantomin, fine arts in all form of like art paint the, picture, artistic carve the, calligraphy art, scilpture, artistic [of] idol, kolase, and artistic,architecture, map, artistic batik, photography, translation cinematography interpret the, saduran, potpourri, database and masterpiece is differ from result concrete movement

Copyrights give the protection duration to result of masterpiece or the creator creation during creator life and will be non-stoped to take place till 50 ( fifty) year after creator pass away. In the case of creation owned by 2 people or more, hence copyrights go into effect during old creator life [of] its life and take place till 50 ( fifty) year hereafter old creator [of] its life pass away. Except for the computer program of, cinematography, photography, database and result of concrete movement go into effect 50 year since is first time announced

Indonesia in this time have convensi ratification international in Copyrights area, that is : Berne Convention of[is date of 7 May 1997 by Keppres [is] No. 18 / 1997 and noticed to WIPO at date of 5 September 1997. the Berne Convention go into operation effective in Indonesia the date of 5 September 1997. By to conduct Berne Convention mean as its consequence [is] Indonesia have to protect the creation from entire/all member of Berne Convention

Three phase esensial in the case of protection to software, that is

- Protection to algorithm pemrograman.- Protection of Patent or Copyrights

- Protection to code obyek program the ( object code).- Supporter items ( flowchart,deskripsi written [by] program).- Documentation [of] about how to use the program ( user’s guide).- Circuity govern the ( listing program) that sendiri.- and appearance of look and field from program tersebut.

Protection to computer program which is under copyrights law in line with ratified is TRIPS-WTO and its implementation in UU No. 19 year 2002 about Copyrights, for example related/relevant with the computer program [of] like Linux which in this time [shall] no longger only represent a operating system [of] but have represented the full (of) strength source to all computer consumer. By using life CD cooperative linux ( CoLinux) Consumer can use a distro Linux [of] above other operating system like Windows as a process which diproteksi by Windows itself. Edition of Colinux version 0.6.0 publicized by its creator [at] March month;moon 2004, distro-distro which can work by Colinux [is] Fedora, Gentoo And Debian earn the di-download freely and free [in] www.colinux.org.


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